Human Pathology

Our Human Pathology notes cover the mechanisms of disease across every organ system — from cellular injury and inflammation to cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, renal, neurological, and endocrine disorders. These high-yield summaries focus on key pathological processes, clinical features, and system-based conditions. Use this as a structured guide for revising pathology efficiently. For our complete subject library, visit the Subject Index.


Cardiovascular

Congenital Heart Defects
Aneurysms and Dissections
Arrhythmias
Hypertension
Shock
Dyslipidaemia
Atherosclerosis
Ischaemic Heart Disease
Angina Pectoris
Acute Coronary Syndromes
Heart Failure
Acute Pulmonary Oedema
Cardiomyopathy
Valvular Heart Disease
Infective Endocarditis
Non-Infective Endocarditis
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Myocarditis
Pericarditis
Pericardial Effusion
Cardiac Tamponade
Carcinoid Heart Disease
Vasculitides
Peripheral Vascular Disease
Chronic Skin Ulcers
Varicose Veins
Venous Thromboembolism
Vascular Tumours
Lymphangitis
Overweight & Obesity

Respiratory

Nasal Tumours
Laryngeal Tumours
Sinusitis
Acute Otitis Media
URTI Pathogens & Syndromes
Common Cold (Acute Rhinitis)
Pharyngitis
Scarlet Fever
Acute Tonsillitis
Infectious Mononucleosis (EBV)
Measles
Mumps
Rubella (German Measles)
Diphtheria
Acute Epiglottitis
Laryngitis
Croup
Bronchiolitis
Acute Bronchitis
Pertussis (Whooping Cough)
Pneumonias
Seasonal Influenza
Swine Flu (H1N1)
Bird Flu (H5N1)
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
Q Fever
Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Cystic Fibrosis
Obstructive vs Restrictive Lungs
Airway Hypersensitivity and Asthma
Pneumoconioses
COPD
Bronchiectasis
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Sarcoidosis
Pneumothorax
Lung Cancer

Gastrointestinal

Sialolithiasis
Dysphagia & Achalasia
Oesophageal Varices
Mallory Weiss Tear
Hiatus Hernia
Oesophagitis
Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux Disease
Gastritis
Helicobacter Pylori
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Gastric Cancer
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
Coeliac Disease
Congenital Pancreatic Abnormalities
Pancreatitis
Endocrine Pancreatic Tumours
Pancreatic Cancer
Cholangitis
Cholelithiasis
Cholecystitis
Biliary Cancers
Primary Biliary Sclerosis
Liver Abscesses & Cysts
Hepatitis
Autoimmune Hepatitis
Gilbert’s Syndrome
Budd-Chiari Syndrome
Nutmeg Liver
Liver Failure and Cirrhosis
Liver Cancers
Gastroenteritis
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Acute Abdomen
Ischaemic Bowel
Bowel Obstructions
Hirschsprung’s Disease
Meckel’s Diverticulum
Appendicitis
Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Pseudomembranous Colitis
Whipple’s Disease
Intestinal Tuberculosis
Parasitic Gut Infections
Soil-Transmitted Helminths
Carcinoid Syndrome
Rectal Bleeding
Polyps & Colon Cancer
Colorectal Cancer
Radiation Enteritis
Haemorrhoids
Anal Fissures
Anal Fistulae

Nervous System

Cerebrovascular Accidents
Intracranial Haemorrhages
Ischaemic Encephalopathy
Raised Intracranial Pressure
Traumatic Brain Injuries
Epilepsy
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
Huntington’s Disease
Motor Neurone Disease
Poliomyelitis
Multiple Sclerosis
Leukodystrophies
Myasthenia Gravis
Parkinson’s Disease
Brain Tumours
Neurofibromatosis
Dementias
Peripheral Neuropathies
Meningitis
Encephalitis
Herpetic Neuralgia
Parasitic Brain Infections
Prion Infections
Ear Infections
Vertigo
Deafness
Glaucoma
Cataracts
Retinoblastoma
Trachoma
Neurovascular Compromise
Addiction Psychology

Musculoskeletal

Bony Injuries
Neurovascular Compromise
Benign Bony Tumours
Malignant Bony Tumours
Hypophosphatemic Rickets
Paget’s Disease
Fibromyalgia
Polymyalgia Rheumatica
Osteoporosis
Osteomyelitis
Septic Arthritis
Osteoarthritis
Gout
Pseudogout
Psoriatic Arthritis
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Reactive Arthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Myositis
Muscular Dystrophies
Myotonic Dystrophy

Urinary / Renal

Renal Pathology Overview
Congenital Kidney Abnormalities
Cystic Kidney Diseases
Urinary Incontinence
Acute Renal Failure
Pre-Renal Failures
Nephrotic Syndrome
Minimal Change Disease
Membranous Nephropathy
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
Nephrosclerosis
Diabetic Nephropathy
Lupus Nephritis
Nephritic Syndrome
Post-Strep Glomerulonephritis
IgA Nephropathy
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis
Acute Tubular Necrosis
Tubulointerstitial Nephritis
Post-Renal Failure
Renal Stones
Renal Cell Carcinoma
Wilms Tumour
Transitional Cell Carcinomas
Pyelonephritis
Urinary Tract Infections
Renal and Perinephric Abscesses
Electrolyte Imbalances
Fluid Imbalances

Endocrine

Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
Non-Toxic Goitres
Thyroid Neoplasms
Growth Dysfunction
Diabetes Insipidus
SIADH
Addison’s Disease
Waterhouse-Frederichsen Syndrome
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Conn’s Syndrome
Cushing’s Syndrome
Phaeochromocytoma
Diabetes
Diabetic Emergencies
Calcium & Phospate Disorders
Hypoparathyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism
Male Hypogonadism
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia
Carcinoid Syndrome
Endocrine Pancreatic Tumours

Blood / Haematology

Anaemia Overview
Iron Deficiency Anaemia
Anaemia of Chronic Disease
Thalassaemias
Sickle Cell Anaemia
Macrocytic Anaemia
Haemolytic Anaemia
Haemolytic Disease of Newborn
Aplastic Anaemia
Polycythaemia
Haemochromatosis
Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Multiple Myeloma
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia
Acute Myeloid Leukaemia
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia
Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas
Bleeding Disorders
Thrombotic Disorders
Haemophilia A & B
Malaria

Immune System

Hypersensitivity & Allergy
Airway Hypersensitivity and Asthma
Immune Privileged Sites
Immunodeficiency
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

Rheumatology

Autoimmunity
Autoimmune Hepatitis
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Myasthenia Gravis
Polymyalgia Rheumatica
Psoriatic Arthritis
Reactive Arthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Sarcoidosis
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Vasculitides
Vesiculobullous Diseases
Vitiligo

Skin Infections

Acneiform Eruptions
Cellulitis and Erysipelas
Folliculitis
Furuncles (Boils) & Carbuncles
Impetigo (School Sores)
Scalded Skin Syndrome
Toxic Shock Syndrome
Leishmaniasis
Leprosy
Herpes Simplex
Chicken Pox
Herpes Zoster
HPV Warts
Molluscum Contagiosum
Parvovirus B19 (5th Disease)
Fungal Skin Infections
Pityriasis Rosea
Parasitic Skin Infestations
Lice (Pediculosis)
Scabies

Benign Skin Conditions

Benign Fibrous Lesions
Benign Hyperkeratotic Lesions
Benign Pigmented Lesions
Vascular Skin Lesions
Vascular Tumours
Benign Skin Cysts
Acute Dermatitis
Seborrheic Dermatitis
Stasis Dermatitis
Lichen Simplex Chronicus
Psoriasis
Lichen Planus
Ichthyosis Vulgaris
Drug Eruptions
Erythema Multiforme
Keratoacanthoma
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda
Vesiculobullous Diseases
Vitiligo
Chronic Skin Ulcers

Malignant Skin Conditions

Actinic Keratosis
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Malignant Melanoma
Kaposi Sarcoma (In Vascular Tumours)

Reproductive Health

Benign Breast Masses
Fibrocystic Disease
Nipple Obstructions
Breast Cancers
Amennorrhoea Causes
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
Abnormal PV Bleeding
Endometriosis
Menorrhagia (Heavy Menstrual Bleeding)
Adenomyosis
Endometrial Hyperplasia
Uterine Fibroids
Uterine Cancers
Bartholin Gland Cyst
Vulval Cancer
Vaginitis and Vaginosis
Cervicitis
Endocervical Polyps
Cervical Cancers
Ovarian Tumours
Pelvic Organ Prolapse
Congenital Penile Abnormalities
Cryptorchidism
Balanitis & Balanoposthitis
Penile Malignancies
Peyronie’s Disease
Prostatitis
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
Prostate Adenocarcinoma
Epididymo-Orchitis
Testicular Atrophy
Testicular Torsion
Scrotal Accumulations
Testicular Tumours
Male Hypogonadism
Gynaecomastia
Genital Herpes Simplex
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
Syphilis
Chlamydia
Trachoma
Gonorrhoea
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Donovanosis
Hepatitis C
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Sexual Dysfunctions
Infertility

Obstetrics

Hyperemesis Gravidarum
Obstetrical Haemorrhage
Obstetric Tumours
Ectopic Pregnancy
Premature Rupture of Membranes
Post-Term Pregnancy
Intrauterine Foetal Death
Intrauterine Growth Anomalies
Amniotic Fluid Anomalies
Hypertension in Pregnancy
Preterm Labour
Breech Presentation
Complications of Labour
Infant Respiratory Distress
Neonatal Jaundice & Kernicterus
Postnatal Mood Disorders
Postpartum Haemorrhage
Retained Placenta

Genetic Conditions

Phenylketonuria
Thalassaemias
Sickle Cell Anaemia
Haemochromatosis
Cystic Fibrosis
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Dwarfism Genetics
Huntington’s Disease
Myotonic Dystrophy
Neurofibromatosis
Leukodystrophies
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda
Edward’s Syndrome
Down’s Syndrome
Klinefelter’s Syndrome
Supermale Syndrome (47,XYY)
Turner’s Syndrome
Colour Blindness
Hypophosphatemic Rickets
Muscular Dystrophies
Haemophilia A & B
Ichthyosis Vulgaris

Exotic & Tropical Infections

Arboviruses
Infectious Mononucleosis (EBV)
Leprosy
Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Intestinal Tuberculosis
Whipple’s Disease
Leishmaniasis
Melioidosis
Leptospirosis
Trachoma
Q Fever
Lice (Pediculosis)
Scabies
Soil-Transmitted Helminths
Parasitic Gut Infections
Lymphatic Filariasis
Malaria
Prion Infections

Psychiatric Conditions

Suicide
Affective Disorders
Postnatal Mood Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Adjustment Disorder
Eating Disorders
Psychosis & Schizophrenia
Personality Disorders
Fibromyalgia
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Delirium
Dementia
Sexual Dysfunctions
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